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The guilds of Florence were secular corporations that controlled the arts and trades in Florence from the twelfth into the sixteenth century. These ''Arti'' included seven major guilds (collectively known as the ''arti maggiori''), five middle guilds (''arti mediane'') and nine minor guilds (''arti minori''). Their rigorous quality control and the political role in the commune that the ''Art Maggiori'' assumed were formative influences in the history of Florence, which became one of the richest cities of late Medieval Europe. The ''Minuto Popolo'' – skilled and extremely skilled workers including weavers, spinners, dyers, boatmen, labourers, peddlers and others – despite constituting a majority of the population, were barred from forming guilds.〔 ==Formation of the "arti"== The guilds, medieval institutions that organized every aspect of a city's economic life, formed a social network that complemented and in part compensated for family ties, although in Florence the welfare side of the guilds' activities was less than in many cities.〔Levey, 35〕 The first of the guilds of Florence of which there is notice is the ''Arte di Calimala'', the cloth-merchants' guild, mentioned in a document of about 1150. By 1193 there existed seven such corporate bodies, which each elected a council whose members bore the Roman-sounding designation ''consoli''. A single ''capo'' was elected to manage all the business of the guild. Entrance to the ''Arti'' was highly structured from the first records; it was necessary to be the legitimate son of a member, to give proofs of competence in the craft involved, and to pay an entrance tax. Masters of the guilds, who possessed the means of production, took on apprentices and ''garzoni'', the "boys" or journeymen who might work through a long career without ever becoming a master. Each of the ''Arti'' was ruled according to its statutes, which had the force of law, and might pass judgement in controversies among its members and with their workers. In the fourteenth century the guilds established the market tribunal called the ''Mercatanzia'' to hear causes that involved more than one of the ''Arti''. The Palazzo del Tribunale della Mercatanzia (''illustration, right'') still occupies a prominent place in the piazza della Signoria, befitting the controlling role of the ''Arti'' in governing Florence. As elsewhere, the guilds of Florence protected its members from competition within the city by strangers and Florentine outsiders, guaranteed the quality of work through strict supervision of the workshops (''botteghe''), stipulated work hours, established markets and feast days, and provided public services to its members, and their wives, widows and children. During the fifteenth century city watchmen were organized by the ''Arti'' to protect closed workshops and warehouses. From the beginning, not all ''arti'' were equal: to the original seven ''Arti Maggiori'' were added fourteen ''Arti Minori'' as the guild system spread. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Guilds of Florence」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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